John Pomfret, on the anniversary of one of society’s most depraved and barbaric social experiments of all time. Pomfret had the unique experience of living and studying in China only a few years after the nightmare ended, and enjoyed a bird’s-eye view into how it affected the lives of its victims and their families (who were, of course, victims as well).
Forty years ago this past August, the first killings were carried out to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China. Two educators in Nanjing and a high school principal in Beijing were the first victims of the Red Guards, the shock troops of Mao Zedong’s war against rivals in the Communist Party.
Over the following 10 years, 18 million city kids were dispatched to the countryside to hack out meager existences amid the peasantry. Millions of officials were purged and hundreds of thousands were executed. My college classmate at Nanjing University, Wu Xiaoqing, was the son of the two educators who were murdered in Nanjing; he was 11 when his parents died. When we studied together he had the nickname “Old Wu” because he seemed old before his time.
Today China’s juggernaut economy, freewheeling night life and sophisticated diplomacy make it seem a world away from the Communist Party-imposed madness of the 1960s. Wu’s life is an example. He’s a university professor, a published author and the father of a young woman who is preparing for college in Australia. No other country seems to have been so adept at avoiding the pitfalls — and erasing the memory — of its past.
Pomfret goes on to describe the horrors his friend Wu endured during the CR, including seeing his parents beaten to death, and how the experience affects him to this day. Pomfret’s closing observations reaffirm for me the difference between great reporters like himself, Joseph Kahn, Philip Pan, etc., who dare hold up a mirror to the faces of their hosts, and mediocre reporters who, brilliant and charming though they may be, bend over backwards to find excuses and deflect all criticisms with a fanciful trick (“yeah, but in America…”).
He did not march during the 1989 student protests that ended in the Tiananmen Square crackdown. And after the crackdown he was put at the head of a committee investigating professors in the history department of his university. In recent years, Wu was assigned to write a chapter in a high school history textbook about the Cultural Revolution. He tried to slip in some details about the horrors of the time, including a subtle critique of the systemic nature of the problem. But it was excised by a censor’s knife.
Wu is aware of the Faustian bargain he’s made to live — and live well — in the People’s Republic of China. It’s a bargain that millions of people like him in China’s growing middle class have made. They inhabit a system that many despise, but it’s also a system they believe they can’t live without. The cost of moving forward is forgetting the past, Old Wu would say, including the dream of bringing to justice the people who killed your parents.
China wants the 21st century to become the Chinese century, yet history has a way of sneaking up on countries, just as it does on people. The late Chinese writer Ba Jin lobbied hard in the last years of his life for a museum to commemorate the victims of the Cultural Revolution; it was never built. I asked Wu what he thought about such a museum. Forty years after the Cultural Revolution, he said, “China isn’t ready for it.”
It’s odd, that in so many other societies that committed sins against its own people and others, the way to move forward has been to acknowledge and examine the past, not to hide from it and thereby deny it. America’s support of slavery is the subject of countless books and plays and movies, as well as museums. We have Holocaust museums and Vietnam memorials and museums and numerous Native American museums and Cambodia has a Khmer Rouge museum…. Is China’s erasure of the CR and the self-imposed code of silent acceptance a healthy thing, or will its silence come back to haunt them? What does Pomfret mean when he writes that “history has a way of sneaking up on countries, just as it does on people”? And does his clear implication – that China’s history will hold it back from attaining the “China Century” for which it longs – have any grounding in reality? Serious questions for which any insights will be appreciated.
Update: I suddenly remembered that over a year ago I did write a post about a “Cultural Revolution museum” in China. Read the old post to see why it’s not a very serious effort.
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