There is a long piece in this week’s edition of Spiegel Online with the provocative title, “Does Communism work after all?” It is one of those articles with something for everybody. At times the authors seem almost in awe of China’s Gang of Nine, comparing Hu Jintao to a slick, corporate boss managing a massive business empire with his team of executives, while other sections go into detail about the nasty side effects of China’s economic miracle.
For starters, the article praises the CCP for the economic gains of many Chinese in the reform period:
The Chinese communists rescued about 300 million people from poverty — a number unprecedented in history — with their reforms. The signs of affluence are everywhere, and not just in Shanghai and Shenzhen, where luxury boutiques like Gucci, Louis Vuitton or Versace attract a growing middle class. The Chinese boom even extends into the country’s more backward interior, to places like Chengdu or Chongqing. The number of Chinese dollar millionaires is growing steadily, with 320,000 Chinese already worth an average of $5 million. The rich are among the Communist Party’s most loyal supporters because it protects their affluence. And the army of migrant workers moving from the countryside to construction sites in the cities is also unlikely to rise up against the Communist Party. As long as life improves by a fraction each year for every Chinese citizen, the Mandarins will continue to enjoy the mandate of heaven.
But this of course sets up a paradox. Given the undemocratic nature of the PRC, the question must be asked, in true academia-speak: “What gives?”
Is China, one of the most undemocratic nations on earth, setting an example for democratic countries on how to effectively solve problems? Do China’s successes fly in the face of every critic and skeptic who believes that Marxism-Leninism and capitalism are as incompatible as the devil and holy water?
Well, that would be a “No” and a “Yes.” I told you there would be something for everyone.
The article uses several examples–party officials, entrepreneurs, and workers–to show that while mistakes have been made, there have also been tremendous gains. Nevertheless, this is not a love-fest. The authors, Andreas Lorenz and Wieland Wagner, just two weeks ago published a rather scathing profile of China’s environmental mess. None of it particularly new to anyone who follows China (or who tries to breathe here), but it should demonstrate that Lorenz and Wagner aren’t simply panda-huggers either.
China is a big country, a future superpower. Its leaders, accountable only to themselves, don’t care for economic or environmental advice. They set their own path.
But each year, each month, almost every week, China experiences some sort of major environmental catastrophe. The mess spreads across the land, in its waterways and the air. And far too often, the rest of the world gets sprinkled with some of it too.
In the latest piece, the authors interpolate amazement at China’s dynamic rise with details of the troubling side effects of rapid economic growth in a system with limited accountability to its stakeholders. And there are problems with deep roots. The intimate relationship between party lackeys, business leaders, and government bureaucrats meant quick approval of multi-million dollar deals for foreign investors who came to China attracted by cheap labor, lax regulations, and the laughable enforcement of environmental protections. Chinese entrepreneurs were quick to take advantage of the same “perks” and officials looked the other way while Communism began to lose all meaning. The economy grew but at at a cost. The social safety net (the iron rice bowl) quickly became a relic of another age. The right to strike was abolished in 1982 with worker grievances referred to the party bosses, who then sent in the police (or worse) to suppress disgruntled workers. Corruption became endemic. An environmental crisis of monumental proportions now looms. And the benefits of the reform era have been distributed so haphazardly and unevenly that “the rising tide lifting all boats” is beginning to look alarmingly like a tidal wave. Many in China’s rural areas are feeling the water rising around them and they are unhappy about it. Yet the economy marches on. Perhaps Jim Mann is right after all.
It’s impossible to summarize the whole article. Some of it is a bit stale and many people might find themselves nodding along at the usual hurrahs (Gleaming cities! Millions have food!) and rasberries (Corruption bad! Pollution dirty!). But the article is worth the read in its entirety. I might particularly call attention to part four which discusses internal debates within the CCP and the government. The Chinese government is not a monolith and while there may be only one party with any power, the views within that party are perhaps more diverse than is generally assumed. Witness the dust-up last summer over private property protections when the CCP found itself under attack on its left flank from those who criticized the excessive focus on economic development at all costs and who feared the growing influence of foreign companies in China’s domestic economy.
It’s an interesting article. There are certainly some points that are genuine clunkers (including a return to the “closed China” myth on page two.) There are probably others. That said, there is much here for conversation and debate. Enjoy.
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Since the article is in sections, I’ve included the links to all five parts here:
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
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